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A cutaway model of a petrol direct injected engine Fuel injection is the introduction of fuel in an internal combustion engine, many commonly automotive engines, by the means of an injector. This post concentrates on fuel injection in reciprocating piston and rotary piston engines. All Diesel (compression-ignition) engines usage fuel injection, and many Otto (spark-ignition) engines usage fuel injection of one kind or another.


In automobile petrol engines, fuel injection was introduced in the early 1950s, and gradually got prevalence until it had actually largely replaced carburetors by the early 1990s. The main distinction in between carburetion and fuel injection is that fuel injection atomizes the fuel through a small nozzle under high pressure, while a carburetor depends on suction produced by consumption air accelerated through a Venturi tube to draw the fuel into the airstream.


Typically, the only thing in typical all fuel injection systems have is the absence of carburetion. There are 2 main practical concepts of mixture development systems for internal combustion engines: internal mix formation, and external mixture development. fuel injectors. A fuel injection system that uses external mix formation is called a manifold injection system; there exist 2 types of manifold injection systems: multi-point injection (port injection), and single-point injection (throttle-body injection).


There exist a number of various varieties of both direct and indirect injection systems, the most typical internal mixture formation fuel injection system is the common-rail injection system, a direct injection system. The term electronic fuel injection refers to any fuel injection system having an engine control system. An ideal fuel injection system can exactly offer exactly the ideal quantity of fuel under a all engine operating conditions.


In practice an ideal fuel injection system does not exist, however there is a big variety of various fuel injection systems with specific benefits and disdvantages. The majority of these systems were rendered obsolete by the common-rail direct injection system that is nowadays (2020) used in many automobile. Common-rail injection permits petrol direct injection, and is even much better matched for diesel motor fuel direct injection.


When developing a fuel injection system, a variety of elements has to be considered, including: All fuel injection systems comprise 3 basic elements: they have at least one fuel injector (often called an injection valve), a device that creates enough injection pressure, and a device that meters the proper quantity of fuel (fuel injectors).

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Early mechanical injection systems (except air-blast injection) usually utilized injection valves (with needle nozzles) in mix with a relatively sophisticated helix-controlled injection pump that both metered the fuel, and created the injection pressure. They were well-suited for intermittently injecting multi-point injection systems as well as all sorts of standard direct injection systems, and chamber-injected systems.




In modern engines, the fuel metering and injection valve actuation is typically done by the engine control system. Therefore, the fuel injection pump does not need to meter the fuel or activate the injection valves; it just requires to provide injection pressure. These modern systems are utilized in multi-point-injected engines, and common-rail-injected engines.




The introduction listed below shows the most common kinds of mixture formation systems in internal combustion engines. There are several different ways of characterising, organizing and describing fuel injection systems, the clade is based upon a differentiation in between internal and external mix formation systems. Mixture development systems Internal mixture formation Indirect injection Direct injection Hydraulic injection Walldistributed injection Airdistributed injection Pumpe-Dse system Pump-rail-nozzle system Air-guided injection Wall-guided injection Spray-guided injection Conventional helixcontrolled injection pump systems Lanova direct injection Afterchamber injection G-System (sphere combustion chamber) Gardner system (hemisphere combustion chamber) Saurer system (torus combustion chamber) Flat piston (combustion chamber between piston and head) External mixture development Continuous vacuum carburettor Multistage carburettor Multi-barrel carburettor Float-chamber-less membrane carburettor BMW M88 engine with multi-point injection In an engine with external mix development, air and fuel are mixed outside the combustion chamber, so that a premixed mixture of air and fuel is sucked into the engine.




There exist 2 main external mixture formation systems in internal combustion engines: carburettors, and manifold injection. The following description focuses on the latter. Manifold injection systems can likewise be considered indirect injection, however this article mostly utilizes the term indirect injection to explain internal mixture formation systems that are not direct injection.


They can use a number of various injection plans. Single-point injection uses one injector in a throttle body installed likewise to a carburetor on an intake manifold. As in a carbureted induction system, the fuel is blended with the air prior to the inlet of the consumption manifold. Single-point injection was a fairly low-cost method for automakers to decrease exhaust emissions to comply with tightening regulations while supplying much better "driveability" (simple starting, smooth running, liberty from hesitation) than might be gotten with a carburetor.


This delayed the redesign and tooling expenses of these elements. Single-point injection was used thoroughly on American-made traveler automobiles and light trucks throughout 19801995, and in some European vehicles in the early and mid-1990s. Multi-point injection injects fuel click here to read into the consumption ports simply upstream of each cylinder's consumption valve, instead of at a main point within a consumption manifold.

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Manifold injected engines can utilize several injection plans: constant, and intermittent (simultaneous, batched, consecutive, and cylinder-individual). In a continuous injection system, fuel streams at all times from the fuel injectors, but at a variable flow rate. The most typical automotive continuous injection system is the Bosch K-Jetronic, introduced in 1974, and used up until the mid-1990s by numerous cars and truck makers.


In an engine with an internal mixture development system, air and fuel are blended only inside the more tips here combustion chamber - fuel injectors. For that reason, only air is drawn into the engine websites during the intake stroke. The injection scheme is always intermittent (either consecutive or cylinder-individual). There are two various types of internal mixture formation systems: indirect injection, and direct injection.